Test Development and Validation

• Doty RL, Shaman P, Dann M. Development of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test: a standardized microencapsulated test of olfactory function. Physiol Behav. 1984 Mar; 32(3): 489-502. (UPSIT)

• Doty RL, Gregor TP, Settle RG. Influence of intertrial interval and sniff-bottle volume on phenyl ethyl alcohol odor detection thresholds. Chem Senses. 1986; 11: 259-264. (STT)

• Doty RL, Agrawal U. The shelf life of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). Laryngoscope. 1989; 99(4): 402-4. (UPSIT)
• Doty RL, Frye RE, Agrawal U. Internal consistency reliability of the fractionated and whole University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test. Percept Psychophys. 1989 May; 45(5): 381-4. (UPSIT)

• Doty RL, Smith R, McKeown D, Raj J. Tests of human olfactory function: Principal components analysis suggests that most measure a common source of variance. Percept Psychophys. 1994 Dec; 56(6): 701-7.

• Murphy C, Quinonez C, Nordin S. Reliability and validity of electrogustometry and its application to young and elderly persons. Chemical Senses. 1995; 205: 499-503 (EG).
• Doty RL, McKeown DA, Lee WW, Shaman P. A study of the test-retest reliability of ten olfactory tests. Chem Senses. 1995 Dec; 20(6): 645-56.

• Pierce JD, Doty RL, Amoore JE. Analysis of position of trial sequence and type of diluent on the detection threshold for phenyl ethyl alcohol using a single staircase method. Percept Motor Skills. 1996 Apr; 82(2): 451-58. (STT)
• Doty RL, Marcus A, Lee WW. Development of the 12-item Cross-Cultural Smell Identification Test (CC-SIT). Laryngoscope. 1996 Mar; 106(3 Pt 1): 353-6. (B-SIT)

• MacKay-Sim A, Doty RL. The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test: normative adjustment for Australian subjects Australian Journal of Otolaryngology 4(3) · January 2001 (UPSIT)

• Koskinen S, Vento S, Malmberg H, Tuorila H. Correspondence between three olfactory tests and suprathreshold odor intensity ratings. Acta Otolaryngol. 2004 Nov;124(9): 1072-7. (B-SIT)

• Jackman AH, Doty RL. Utility of a three-item smell identification test in detecting olfactory dysfunction. Laryngoscope. 2005 Dec; 115(12): 2209-12. (Q-SIT)

• Tourbier IA, Doty RL. Sniff magnitude test: relationship to odor identification, detection, and memory tests in a clinic population. Chem Senses. 2007 Jul; 32(6): 515-23. (SMT, SIT, STT)
• Ahmad AT, Jbara MA, Hiyasat D, Bateiha A, Ajlouni KM. The standard clinical smell testing protocol of the National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics in Amman, Jordan: JOR test. Am J Otolaryngol. 2007 Nov-Dec; 28(6): 388-91.

• Jiang RS, Su MC, Liang KL, Shiao JY, Wu SH, Hsin CH. A pilot study of a traditional Chinese version of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test for application in Taiwan. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2010 Jan-Feb; 24(1): 45-50. (UPSIT)

• Fornazieri MA, Doty RL, Santos CA, Pinna Fde R, Bezerra TF, Voegels RL. A new cultural adaptation of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2013 Jan; 68(1): 65-8. (UPSIT)
• Cameron EL, Doty RL. Odor identification testing in children and young adults using the smell wheel. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2013 Mar;77(3):346-50. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2012.11.022. Epub 2012 Dec 14. (PSW)
• Picillo M, Iavarone A, Pellecchia MT, Amboni M, Erro R, Moccia M, Vitale C, Longo K, Santangelo G, Spina E, Scannapieco S, Orefice G, Barone P. Validation of an Italian version of the 40-item University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification test that is physician administered: our experience on one-hundred and thirty eight healthy subjects. Clin Otolaryngol. 2013 Dec 26. doi: 10.1111/coa.12212. (UPSIT)

• Gu D, Li P. [Comparison of application of several psychophysical olfactory test methods in clinic]. Lin Chung Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2014 May;28(10):715-7. (UPSIT)

• Fornazieri MA, Santos CA, Bezerra TF, Pinna FR, Voegels RL, Doty RL. Development of Normative Data for the Brazilian Adaptation of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test. Chem Senses. 2015 Feb;40(2):141-9. doi: 10.1093/chemse/bju068. Epub 2014 Dec 29. (UPSIT)
• Jiang RS, Liang KL. A pilot study of the Self-Administered Computerized Olfactory Testing System. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2015 Mar;29(2):55-8. doi: 10.2500/ajra.2015.29.4177. (SCOTS)
• Doty RL. Olfactory dysfunction and its measurement in the clinic. ScienceDirect. Volume 1, Issue 1, September 2015, Pages 28-33 (UPSIT,S&S)
• Rawal S, Hoffman HJ, Honda M, Huedo-Medin TB, Duffy VB. The Taste and Smell Protocol in the 2011-2014 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES): Test-Retest Reliability and Validity Testing. Chemosens Percept. 2015 Sep;8(3):138-148. Epub 2015 Aug 7. (PST)

• Jiang RS, Liang KL. Establishment of olfactory diagnosis for the traditional Chinese version of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2016 Dec;6(12):1308-1314. doi: 10.1002/alr.21818. Epub 2016 Jun 22. PMID: 27333463. (UPSIT-TC)
• El Rassi E, Mace JC, Steele TO, Alt JA, Soler ZM, Fu R, Smith TL. Sensitivity analysis and diagnostic accuracy of the Brief Smell Identification Test in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2016 Mar;6(3):287-92. doi: 10.1002/alr.21670. Epub 2015 Dec 1. PMID: 26625169; PMCID: PMC4783276. (BSIT)

• Levy JM, Mace JC, Bodner TE, Alt JA, Smith TL. Defining the minimal clinically important difference for olfactory outcomes in the surgical treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2017 Aug;7(8):821-826. doi: 10.1002/alr.21964. Epub 2017 May 26. PMID: 28556611; PMCID: PMC5544549. (BSIT)

• Doty RL. Measurement of chemosensory function. World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2018 Jun 28;4(1):11-28. doi: 10.1016/j.wjorl.2018.03.001. eCollection 2018 Mar. (UPSIT, S&S)
• Jiang RS, Liang KL. A Pilot Study of the Snap & Sniff Threshold Test. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2018 May;127(5):312-316. doi: 10.1177/0003489418760055. Epub 2018 Feb 24. PMID: 29478326. (STT, S&S)
• Voznessenskaya, V.V., Klyuchnikova, M.A., Rodionova, E.I. et al. A Standardized Test for Evaluation of Olfactory Function for the Russian Population. Biol Bull Russ Acad Sci 45, 485–489 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062359018050175. (UPSIT)

• Devanand DP, Liu X, Cohen H, Budrow J, Schupf N, Manly J, Lee S. Long-Term Test-Retest Reliability of the UPSIT in Cognitively Intact Older Adults. Chem Senses. 2019 Jul 17;44(6):365-369. doi: 10.1093/chemse/bjz025. PMID: 31111142; PMCID: PMC7357246. (UPSIT)
• Doty RL, Wylie C, Potter M, Beston R, Cope B, Majam K. Clinical validation of the olfactory detection threshold module of the Snap & Sniff® olfactory test system. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2019 Sep;9(9):986-992. doi: 10.1002/alr.22377. Epub 2019 Jul 8. PMID: 31283113. (S&S-T)
• Jiang RS, Twu CW, Liang KL. The effect of olfactory training on odor identification in patients with traumatic anosmia. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2019 Nov;9(11):1244-1251. doi: 10.1002/alr.22409. Epub 2019 Aug 21. (UPSIT)
• Joseph T, Auger SD, Peress L, Rack D, Cuzick J, Giovannoni G, Lees A, Schrag AE, Noyce AJ. Screening performance of abbreviated versions of the UPSIT smell test. J Neurol. 2019 Aug;266(8):1897-1906. doi: 10.1007/s00415-019-09340-x. Epub 2019 May 3. PMID: 31053960; PMCID: PMC6647236. (PST, BSIT)

• Jiang RS, Liu SA, Wang CP, Wu SH, Wang JJ. A Pilot Study of the Waterless Empirical Taste Test. Ear Nose Throat J. 2020 Nov 10:145561320967337. doi: 10.1177/0145561320967337. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33170031.
• Aniteli MB, Marson FAL, Cunha FR, Sakano E. Correlation and agreement of olfactory perception assessed by the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center olfactory test and the Brief-Smell Identification Test. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2022 Nov-Dec;88(6):858-866. doi: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2020.11.013. Epub 2020 Dec 21. PMID: 33408061; PMCID: PMC9615525. (BSIT)

• Doty RL, Wylie C, Potter M. Validation of the Waterless Empirical Taste Test (WETT®). Behav Res Methods. 2021 Apr;53(2):864-873. doi: 10.3758/s13428-020-01463-8. PMID: 32885386. (WETT)

2022

• Chen J, Ren X, Yan H, Zhao B, Chen J, Zhu K, Lyu H, Li Z, Doty RL. Comparison of Chinese and American subjects on the self-administered Waterless Empirical Taste Test. J Sens Stud. 2022 Mar 26:e12745. doi: 10.1111/joss.12745. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35601744; PMCID: PMC9115193. (WETT)
• Jiang RS, Wang JJ. Validation of the clinical applicability of the brief self-administered waterless empirical taste test during the era of COVID-19. J Chin Med Assoc. 2022 Aug 15. doi: 10.1097/JCMA.0000000000000796. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35972324. (WETT)
• Shih MC, Soler ZM, Germroth M, Snyder J, Nguyen SA, Schlosser RJ. Comparison of validated psychophysical olfactory tests and olfactory-specific quality of life. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2022 Nov;12(11):1428-1431. doi: 10.1002/alr.23012. Epub 2022 May 8. PMID: 35476373. (UPSIT, S&S)
• Jiang RS, Liu SA, Wang CP, Wu SH, Wang JJ. A Pilot Study of the Waterless Empirical Taste Test. Ear Nose Throat J. 2022 Sep;101(8):506-513. doi: 10.1177/0145561320967337. Epub 2020 Nov 10. PMID: 33170031. (WETT)

2023

• Brumm MC, Pierz KA, Lafontant DE, Caspell-Garcia C, Coffey CS, Siderowf A, Marek K. Updated Percentiles for the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test in Adults 50 Years of Age and Older. Neurology. 2023 Apr 18;100(16):e1691-e1701. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000207077. Epub 2023 Feb 27. PMID: 36849448; PMCID: PMC10115503. (UPSIT)
• On A, Moein ST, Khan R, Doty RL. The 8-item NHANES pocket smell test^®: Normative data. Appl Neuropsychol Adult. 2023 Jul 6:1-6. doi: 10.1080/23279095.2023.2224480. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37410621. (NHANES PST)
• Moein ST, Sacan A, Pourrezaei K, Yan CH, Turner JH, Sharetts R, Doty RL. Development of parallel forms of a brief smell identification test useful for longitudinal testing. Behav Res Methods. 2023 Mar 24:1–10. doi: 10.3758/s13428-023-02102-8. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36964286; PMCID: PMC10038376. (B-SIT)
• Mahadev A, Kallogjeri D, Piccirillo JF. Validation of Minimal Clinically Important Difference (MCID) for University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2023 Dec 6:19458924231218037. doi: 10.1177/19458924231218037. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 38055971. (UPSIT)

2024

• Alsaleh S, Alhussien A, Alsubaie N, Alajlan Z, Albader S, Alarifi I, Albaharna H, Sumaily I. Cross-cultural modification of the University of Pennsylvania smell identification test for the Saudi Arabian population: Validation and normative values. Saudi Med J. 2024 Jan;45(1):79-85. doi: 10.15537/smj.2024.45.1.20230422. PMID: 38220245; PMCID: PMC10807678. (UPSIT)